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IQ and the Wealth of Nations
by Richard Lynn, Tatu Vanhanen
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Hardcover: 320 pages ; Dimensions (in inches): 1.13 x 9.46 x 6.34
Publisher: Praeger Publishers; (February 28, 2002)
Language: Published in English
ISBN: 027597510X
Average Customer Review: Based on 24 reviews. Write a review.
Amazon.com Sales Rank: 222,675
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Editorial Reviews
From Book News, Inc.
Lynn (psychology, U. of Ulster) and Vanhanen (political science, U. of Tampere and U. of Helsinki, Finland) argue that the intelligence of nations differ, and the difference manifests in wealth or poverty. They challenge theories that assume intelligence to average out about the same everywhere, and assertions that, for example, African nations are poor because Africans are mentally deficient to be morally offensive.Book News, Inc.®, Portland, OR
About the Author
RICHARD LYNN is Professor Emeritus of Psychology, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland.
TATU VANHANEN is Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of Tampere and Docent Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Book Description
Lynn and Vanhanen argue that a significant part of the gap between rich and poor countries is due to differences in national intelligence (national IQs). Based on an extensive survey of national IQ tests, the results of their study challenge the previous theories of economic development and provide a new basis to evaluate the prospects of economic development throughout the world.
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9 of 13 people found the following review helpful:
IQ and national prosperity -- a problem solved, December 14, 2002 Reviewer: Chris Brand (Edinburgh, Midlothian United Kingdom) - See all my reviews
This book must be a good candidate for being the most important book of the 21st century. British psychologist Richard Lynn and Finnish political scientist Tatu Vanhanen find that recent IQ data from scores of countries world-wide show really strong correlations, of around r = .65, with national prosperity -- whether Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is estimated for 1820 or for the 1990s. Quite contrary to the theorizing of most Western economists of the past fifty years, the underdeveloped (later, 'developing') countries of fifty years ago have not generally closed the gap with the help of ongoing Western handouts and advice. Clearly, several East Asian countries have in that time made enormous strides -- as may also happen soon in the ex-Communist countries of Eastern Europe; but in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa (i.e. largely Black Africa), mean IQ estimates hover around 70 and progress has been slight. Of the world's 21 countries which steadily tripled their GDP from 1983 through 1990 and 1993 to 1996, none was on or near the African mainland; whereas of the 27 countries whose GDP decreased by 50%, ten were African (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Libya, Madagascar, Somalia, Sudan, Zambia and Sao Tome & Principe).
Yet will L&V prove persuasive about causation? Doubters will raise four particular problems.
First, IQ and the Wealth of Nations is published by an American mail order house which charges heavily for the book. Terrorized by the politically correct, mainstream Western 'publishers' have for ten years been entirely unwilling to bring out books that touch on race - whether by Arthur Jensen, Phil Rushton or myself. Recently, it turned out that top psychologist Steven Pinker (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), who had converted to hereditarianism after hearing from friends how a second child was often very different from a first, felt he had to remove a chapter about race from the final draft of his new pro-heredity book, The Blank Slate. L&V are not alone in finding themselves up against the Zeitgeist, and the reception of their book has not so far been auspicious. L&V's reply will have to be that such repression indicates that the liberal-left consensus (which in 1950 persuaded the United Nations to declare all races to be of equal intelligence) is a hysteria that must one day lift.
Secondly, some will doubtless try to quibble with the IQ estimates that are the central novelty of IQ and the Wealth of Nations. L&V typically present some three 'normative' IQ studies for each of the countries they discuss; they do not provide details of social sampling; and they estimate IQ's for some nations by taking the average of the IQs in neighbouring countries - e.g. crediting Afghanistan with IQ 83 as an average of India's 81 and Iran's 84. Surprisingly, L&V maintain that the mean IQ in Israel is only 94 - ignoring the possibility that Sephardic Jews, like other Africans, may have special deficits in the visuo-spatial abilities that are needed to do well on 'culture-fair' intelligence tests like the famous Raven's Matrices. None of this is ideal. However, L&V have a very strong reply from both the general consistency of their IQ estimates and the sheer strength of IQ's correlations with national productivity. If workers had seriously confounded their assessments of national IQ, L&V would simply have had to present the usual miserably low correlations of around .25 that obtain throughout psychology and the social sciences. As it is, L&V have plainly struck gold.
Thirdly, there is the question of cause and effect. Can L&V convince us that IQ actually causes national wealth, rather than vice versa? The literature on the causal importance of IQ is only partially covered here, and L&V settle rather easily for the view that IQ and wealth will both tend to cause each other. This concession will weaken their case in the eyes of those who already deplore the idea that IQ is causal. L&V would have done better to point to the exceedingly slight IQ advantages accruing to Black children in the USA even when their fathers are seriously rich, and to the failure of the American Black-White gap in intelligence to decrease despite many billions of American dollars being thrown at the problem for the past forty years. Even a century of national impoverishment does not lower IQ -- as shown by the cases of mainland China, Poland and Russia in L&V's own data. By contrast, IQ correlates .50 with individual upward social mobility, relative to the position of the testee's father (Touhey, 1972). The simple truth is that a normal national IQ is necessary though not sufficient for prosperity; and that a low IQ holds whole countries back even if individuals can compensate for dullness by good looks or hard work. Neglecting such points, as also the full range of arguments that race differences are of substantially genetic origin, L&V will have partly themselves to blame if their book is set aside.
Lastly, L&V show remarkable modesty about the implications of their findings. This may have been intended as placatory; but it, too, will win them few friends. Rather than stress the need for eugenics in Africa, L&V conclude their book with two bizarrely half-hearted recommendations. The first is that the West should recognize continuing IQ differences and thus continue pumping subsidies into Africa as a matter of "ethical obligation." The second is that some fraction of this conscience money should be spent not on eugenics but on "improvements in nutrition and the like." No change there, then, for this is what the West has been doing ever since it abandoned the responsible idea of empire! It is remarkable that L&V should have troubled to write a 'controversial' book which cannot be published by a mainstream publisher only to come to such feeble practical recommendations. L&V have provided a way of forgetting their book which social-environmentalist ideologues will be desperately eager to take.
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Bold hypothesis, and probably true., July 24, 2004 Reviewer: J. Andersson - See all my reviews
Since the 2nd world war, race has been a taboo in the west. The theory and methods concerning economic development and growth have gone forward huge leaps, but the possibility that ethnicity, or genetic inheritance could bring about national differences in development has strictly been excluded from any kind of serious analysis. (take eg. leading economists like Daron Acemoglu, Robert Barro etc)
There is plenty of reasons to assume that different populations may have differencies in genetic inheritance or environment that affect intelligence (e.g. different selecion pressures, selective migration, nurtition).
The question of course is also about the validity of IQ as a culture free measure. But even though there is major issues with the concept, like the Flynn effect, the hypothesis that genetic differences could affect development is a completely valid scientific hypothesis.
In the post-IIWW climate, taking up this hypothesis takes enormous courage. Anyone who forwards it, risks losing his job and becoming a social pariah. This is exactly what Professors Lynn and Vanhanen do. I don't wonder at all that this book is written by two emeritus professors, already at the end of their careers.
The book essentially argues carefully and with common sense that the major determinants of economic development are national intelligence (which is hereditary), natural resources, and freedom of the markets.
Economists are not going to be happy about the methods that the authors apply. The book has no regressions that would include a larger set of variables that are known to affect economic growth, like investments, education, and so forth. However, it is commonly now acknowledged that such cross country regressions suffer from huge econometric problems, and that's why it may be inappropriate to use Lynn & Vanhanen's data for national intelligences as regressors (first of all thay are endogenous).
But, the hypothesis is valid, and having a look at the state of the world (what economists often don't do..) broadly supports the hypothesis. There is not a single economically succesful black country in the world. The exceptions like Botswana and Equatorial Guinea can be explained mostly by good (perhaps intelligent!) use of natural resources like diamonds and oil, but are certainly not explained by creation of high value products. On the other hand, even initially very poor asian countries, like Vietnam, China and Bangladesh are industialising, and others such as Taiwan and Korea have already reached the western standard of living.
This is a very important topic, and it would be best for EVERYONE to find the truth as soon as possible (I'm sure James Heckman the nobelist would agree with this). More research on cognitive ability and economic development is needed. Older generation of researchers do not dare to touch this hot potato. We need a new genereation of researchers to take up this issue and finish it.
The authors of this book may just be motivated by racism, and they could be following a wrong lead. Or they could be 50-100 years ahead of their time. Read this book and ponder for yourself! I think it's an important hypothesis and may well be true. Good scientific proof based on causality will be impossible with modern statistics & econometrics. More DNA-level information on determinants of intelligence is needed. It seems that the psychologists and brain researchers have the ball now. Once they get some conclusive results, economists will follow.
Africa IQ 70, India 81, China IQ 100 or 105. Is it True???, June 13, 2004 Reviewer: A reader (Austin, Texas USA)
Africa IQ 70, China IQ 100 or 105. India 81, Is it True???.
The world has more than 6 billion people. The Cold War, from the 1940s to the 1990s cut the world into two camps. Almost a third of the world embraced communism/socialism. Nations like China, North Koreas cut itself off from the rest of the world.
Now, socialism is dead. South Korean per capita income is 20 times that of North Korea. Cubans make $20 a month in communist Cuba whereas a Cuban in Florida can make more money at McDonald in a single day.
Trade, commerce, exchange, the free flow of goods, services, ideas is the way to get rich and out of poverty. Trade and commerce has been going on since the very, very beginning of human history.
Now that the world has embraced, free markets, free trade, free commerce, free exchange, why have some countries remained so poor while other nations are rich or are on the way to riches.
Now statism is dead, why is China growing at 8%-9% a year whereas Africa has a falling, negative per capita income. Africa is now poorer than 30, 40 years.
If you shop at Wal-Mart, Target, any toy, electronics, clothes, it seems, all is now "Made in China" However, I see anything, anything "Made in Africa".
Two-respected professor put the academic theses as follow. Wealth of nations depends on three factors.
#1. Natural Resources. Resources from "Nature", ...Land, Land, Land Oil, Oil. Oil. etc. fishing. farming. e.g. Oil in the Middle East. Sheep in New Zealnd. Diamond in Central Africa etc. Unfortunately, natural resources from "nature" is either something you have or do not.
#2. Free Market Enterprise economies or Static/Socialist Economy. Wherever there is socialism, there is poverty. China, India, the USSR are basically Third World countries under socialism. Now socialism has been abandoned.
China has the world's fastest growing economy, India exports software. etc. Free markets bring trade, wealth whereas socialism brings poverty.
#3. Wealth depends on IQ of nations. High IQ has two values.
One, high IQ nations can build a superior infrastructure for transportation, communication, education, stable bureaucracy, government, etc.
Two, high IQ nations can produce goods and services demanded by the international marketplace. Products such as Japanese cars, computers, LCD, electronics, medicine, Caterpillar tractors, computer CPU, Boeing 777 airplanes are in heavy demand in the worldwide marketplace.
Nations that can produce goods the world demands will be rich. Nations that produce nothing will be poor. It about SUPPY and DEMAND. Now, supply and demand is at the worldwide level.
The author posits a IQ of 70 for Africa. East Asians have an IQ of 105. In fact, the highest IQ, 107, is recorded for the Chinese of in Hong Kong.
The Chinese IQ is somewhere between 100-107, possible at 105. This may explain why the Chinese economy is growing through the roof and everything is now "made in china"
The native African IQ is 70. The may explain the negative per capita, income, endless civil war, poverty, famine. The whole continent of Africa was colonized in the 19th century by Europeans from Egypt to South Africa. Africa IQ of 70 is low. The professors are bold to put the data out, now other academic can either refute or support the 70 IQ.
India IQ is 81. The CIA Factbook says half of Indians cannot read, the other half do not have food to eat. 60% of the population struggle to survive on one dollar a day. Indians in USA do not want to visit India because it is so "poor, poor, poor"
How could a tiny island-nation, the U.K. colonize, a sub-continent with 600 million people whereas the U.K. had a population less than 60 million.
Winston Churchill did not even want to give India her independence. Without World War I, WW II, India may have been a colony of the U.K. for another 30-40 years or even today in 2004.
How could India, with 10 times as many people, be a colony of tiny U.K. The Answer maybe the low IQ of 81. India has a billion people, so it can produce a few engineers, but the overall IQ is posited at 81.
The United Kingdom IQ benchmarked at a standard of 100 IQ. China has three times the people of Europe, an IQ somewhere between 100-107.
China IQ: 100-107
Africa IQ: 70
India: 81
If the IQ data is correct, China will dominate the 21st century; Africa will have endless poverty, famine, and underdevelopment. India, IQ 81, will be a Third World nation forever.
An IQ of 90 is needed to build a science-technology based society. Only 20% of the world people have IQ over 90.
Africa IQ 70,
India IQ 81,
China IQ 100-107.
Agree or Disagree, this book is incredible, fascinating and will cause a great of debate. The best way to refute the data is for more data.
The world needs to examine the professor's great theses. The 21st. century may be determined by IQ of nations.
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Applying IQ scores worldwide, May 10, 2004 Reviewer: southpaw68 (florida) - See all my reviews
The authors Lynn and Vanhanen to attempt to answer the question of why countries end up being so rich or so poor in IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Examining IQ scores worldwide, crunching the numbers, and contructing the graphs, they come to the conclusion that IQ does play an important role in how wealthy a nation will be.
The first section covers historical speculations about why nations or poor or rich. Some thought it may be due to climate, economic exploitation, or the protestant work ethic. The protestant work ethic was one of the more plausible reasons for wealth differences since many protestants once believed that work was not just work, but their divine "calling" which they were responsible for. Hence capitalism grew faster in protestant countries rather than catholic ones in Europe.
As far as the rankings go, the highest IQ nations are East Asian, then nations of European descent, then middle eastern, latino, south and west Asian nations, and then sub-Sahahan Africa. The highest IQ average is 107 and the lowest is in the mid-60s. The IQ averages are then combined with their present economic wealth and it is determined whether nations are performing above or below their IQ averages. Nations such as China who are just coming out of their communist centrally controlled economy stand to become more rich given their high IQ averages. It is important that a country adopt a free market economy and representative government, if they want to use the populations' IQ to the fullest. The authors think that a country with an IQ below 90 will have trouble developing a modern economy.
Some suggestions are given on how to improve the IQs of poor nations are given at the end. Some solutions are environmental such as improving nutrition. Others are genetic, such as preventing dysgenic fertility. The authors suggest that the richer nations will have to pay out foreign aid to help the poor nations in these matters, even though from what I've read foreign often isn't effective in solving these problems. Some of these nations are corrupt, hostile, or potentially hostile, and don't deserve foreign aid, in my opinion.
I still had a question of whether it was really desirable for every nation to have a modern economy. Or even whether rich nations should have modern economy. It seems you would use up your resources and pollute more, if we keep going the way of mass consumption. Although some nations are poor, there might be some non-economic advantages to living a more primitive lifestyle. Why try to change people who are used to that lifestyle? It might be better to alleviate poverty by not creating more mass consumption societies. These issues aren't covered by the authors.
Impressive and interesting, April 9, 2004 Reviewer: Tones "dr_tones" (Hong Kong) - See all my reviews
A very impressive piece of work by Lynn and Vanahanen, and to avoid sounding like a broken record and repeat what other reviewers have already wrote, I¡¯ll concentrate on one aspect of the book that I found not only interesting but critical in understanding this question of IQ and national wealth correlation, and that is history.
It is obvious that both history and culture play important roles in national development, and although for some cases the authors have touched and to some extent briefly deliberated on the issue of history and culture, it is perhaps ultimately beyond the scope of this book to deal with such issues at great depth.
For instance, I was particularly interested in the authors¡¯ explanation for China¡¯s technological and scientific stagnation after the 17th Century on comparison to the West despite China¡¯s traditional eminence. The authors, quoting some historian, explained that the Chinese failure to develop a market economy resulted in the failure to develop technologies to their full potential as well as the imperial autocracy that stifled innovation and scientific progress. Well, a generally correct but many important details were missing such as the distrust between the non-Han Chinese Qing government and the general population, court corruption, heavy bias towards agriculture etc.
Again, I realise this isn¡¯t a history book, but for readers who would like to acquire a more complete understanding, the history and culture cannot be ignored.
On India, I guess many would be surprised by the relative low Indian national IQ, India is in fact much like Israel (another surprise) where the population is not as ethnically homogenous as one would think. And coupled with widespread poverty and underdevelopment, India's national IQ may not be so exaggerated.
I recall that one reviewer quoting Saudi Arabia, where Arabs excelled in science centuries ago but now have a relatively low national IQ now, and thus implied some contradiction. Again it comes down to history. In recent decades, many Africans (from Ethiopia & Sudan) have taken residence in the Saudi Kingdom, to the extent that now a vast portion of the Saudi population is ethnically non-Arab or mixed race with African linkage, and many in this group remain underprivileged. A ¡®national¡¯ IQ would have undoubtedly included samples from this group.
All in all, this is book is well researched and provides a lot of fascinating information, and is certainly an important piece in the puzzle of human intelligence and its bearing on national development. However the general conclusions are quite conspicuous, one only has to look briefly at the past 5000 years of human history and the development of various civilisations around the world in order to easily deduce the more ¡®intellectually inclined¡¯ racial groups. However the authors choose to do it via a mathematical approach by the use of heavy statistics, but in order to properly interpret these statisitics, referencing with particular histories and cultural issues are required. I'm looking forward to a updated edition of this book.
Kehut Vanhasen kirjalle!
5
475
Vastaukset
- joku
rupea tekemään töitä niin unohtuu moinen moska
- obs.
kattilaa soimaa? Itse taidatkin työpaikaltasi ruokatunnillasi näitä viestejä lähetellä?
- ...
Siis joku satunnainen lukija (joku Chris Brand) kehuu kirjaa. Eikä kukaan ko. kirjaa ole pannaan julistamassa, vaan nyt noussessa kohussa on kyse Vanhasen Hesarin kk-liitteessä antamista lausunnoista. Ko. kirjan kritiikki ja arvo puidaan tieteellisissä piireissä, jotka tosin nekään eivät ole tietenkään arvoneutraaleja.
- lukea
Y. Ahmavaaran Hyvinvointivaltion tabut niminen opus, siellä on aiheesta jonniin verran.
http://solmu.math.helsinki.fi/1999/3/naatanen.html
Näkyypi olevan Jippiilläkin jo lainauksia kirjasta:
http://www.jippii.fi/jsp/forum/thread.jsp?b=tiede&t=3234- ...
On luettu Ahmavaaran kirja. Lisäksi toinen kirja. Vanhanan ja Ahmavaara yhdessä: 'Geenien tulo yhteiskuntatieteisiin'.
Ahmavaaran ja Vanhasen determinismi on hämmentävää. Vähemmän tieteelliseen kritiikkiin tutustuneelle ja esim. kovila ulkomaalaisvastaisilla ennakkoluuloilla varustetulle ko. kirjat (jos ne jaksaa kahlata läpi) saattava vaikuttaa jopa täydeltä totuudelta ja siten omien ideologisten (ääri)aatteiden oikeuttamiseen kelpaavilta. Toivottavasti ei kuitenkaan näin.
Ketjusta on poistettu 0 sääntöjenvastaista viestiä.
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