Monkeys allowed to self-administer 'Ecstasy' do not show brain damage (4/3/04)
What happens when you give a group of monkeys a pile of MDMA and a year and a half to use it? Binging, but no obvious brain damage, say researchers at the University of Michigan Medical School.
The monkeys were given the ability to self-dose with MDMA at various times by pressing a button connected to an IV pump. Typically, the monkeys would self-administer 2-3 mg/kg of MDMA per session when given unrestricted access (comparable to many human users), but binges of as much as 15 mg/kg were also recorded (equivalent to a 145 pound human taking about 14 average 'ecstasy' tablets in a single session.) Total MDMA consumption over the 18 month period was in the range of 120-250 mg/kg (roughly equivalent to a 145 pound person taking 110-235 'ecstasy' tablets.)
When the period of self-administration was over, the monkey's brains were analyzed for levels of serotonin, dopamine, and a protein found in serotonin and dopamine neurons. In every test, the MDMA-using monkey's brains were indistinguishable from those of monkeys that did not receive drugs, suggesting that little or no neurotoxic damage occurred.
The study was limited in that it had a rather small sample size (only three monkeys in the MDMA-using group.) There is a possibility that damage did occur but was too minor to be distinguished from random variations in such a small group. In some ways this research raises more questions than it answers, such as why the monkeys did not suffer harm at doses similar to those that have been reported to cause extensive damage in other animal experiments. The stress of being forcibly injected with drugs may itself increase the toxicity of MDMA, perhaps by adrenaline increasing body temperature.
What happens when you give a group of monkeys a pile of MDMA and a year and a half to use it? Binging, but no obvious brain damage, say researchers at the University of Michigan Medical School.
The monkeys were given the ability to self-dose with MDMA at various times by pressing a button connected to an IV pump. Typically, the monkeys would self-administer 2-3 mg/kg of MDMA per session when given unrestricted access (comparable to many human users), but binges of as much as 15 mg/kg were also recorded (equivalent to a 145 pound human taking about 14 average 'ecstasy' tablets in a single session.) Total MDMA consumption over the 18 month period was in the range of 120-250 mg/kg (roughly equivalent to a 145 pound person taking 110-235 'ecstasy' tablets.)
When the period of self-administration was over, the monkey's brains were analyzed for levels of serotonin, dopamine, and a protein found in serotonin and dopamine neurons. In every test, the MDMA-using monkey's brains were indistinguishable from those of monkeys that did not receive drugs, suggesting that little or no neurotoxic damage occurred.
The study was limited in that it had a rather small sample size (only three monkeys in the MDMA-using group.) There is a possibility that damage did occur but was too minor to be distinguished from random variations in such a small group. In some ways this research raises more questions than it answers, such as why the monkeys did not suffer harm at doses similar to those that have been reported to cause extensive damage in other animal experiments. The stress of being forcibly injected with drugs may itself increase the toxicity of MDMA, perhaps by adrenaline increasing body temperature.
Vastaukset 5
Vanhimmat
Ei ne essot olekaan mitään alkoholin kaltaista liuotinmyrkkyä joka hyökkää kokonaisvaltaisesti aivojen kimppuun.
MDMA on hyvin spesifinen aine ja vaikuttaa juuri serotoniini ja dopamiiniratoihin eikä juuri mihinkään muualle. Essot eivät voi vahingoittaa muita aivoalueita koska ne eivät ole siellä aktiivisia; eivät kognitiota, aivokuorta, pikkuaivoja jne...
Sensijaan essot pistää etenkin dopamiinituotannon ylikierroksille ja hyvin nopeasti käyttää dopamiinivarastot loppuun ja liian suuret annokset tai pidempi käyttöjakso heikentää dopamiinia sitovaa kerrosta dopamiinintuottajasysteemeissä niin että se ei sitten pysy enää kunnolla edes paikallaan. Luonnostaan dopamiini uusiutuu varsin hitaasti.
Kaikki tää johtaa siihen että vähääkään rankemmalla MDMA:n käytöllä noi systeemit tosiaan saa tosi sekaisin ja pitkäksi aikaa. Dopamiini on yksi niistä aineista jotka saa elämän tuntumaan elämältä - sen vähyys on suoraan kytköksissä masennukseen. Myös muistamisessa ja oppimisessa dopamiini on tärkeää koska se "houkuttelee" uusia viejähaarakkeita kehittymään. Tän takia pikkulapset on ihan ekstaasissa kun ne oppii jotain uutta... KIRJAIMELLISESTI... ;-)
http://www.maps.org/sys/w3pb.pl?mode=show&type=review&r_id=1
Tossahan sanotaan että EI vaikuttanut mitenkään dopamiini / serotoniini hommeleihin. ;-)
MDMA on enemmänkin serotonerginen stimulantti kuin dopaminerginen.
Myönnän tiedonpuutteeni. "Kaikki sitä jonkunverran värittää ja improvisoi kun ei meinaa tieto riitää".
Ns. essot onkin sitten ihan eri asia kuin MDMA. Epäpuhtauksia ja piriä seassa ym.