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  1. Suomennapa+minulle+tämän+tieteellisen+julkaisun+teksti:https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-03/jaaj-xck031606.php"The+sex+chromosomes,+known+as+X+and+Y,+determine+the+sex+of+a+child+and+may+also+offer+additional+explanations+for+sex+differences+in+disease,+Dr.+Migeon+writes.+Females+are+born+with+two+X+chromosomes,+one+from+each+parent,+and+males+inherit+one+X+chromosome+from+their+mothers+and+one+Y+chromosome+from+their+fathers.+More+than+1,000+genes+reside+on+the+X+chromosome+and+are+therefore+known+as+X-linked+genes,+she+continues.+In+contrast,+the+Y-chromosome+carries+the+instructions+for+male+development+and+little+else--probably+fewer+than+100+genes+in+all--and+lacks+working+copies+of+many+of+the+X-linked+genes."Having+only+one+copy+of+X-linked+genes+(one+allele)+makes+males+more+vulnerable+to+deleterious+mutations+that+adversely+affect+the+function+encoded+by+these+genes,+certainly+more+vulnerable+than+females+with+two+copies+(two+alleles),"+Dr.+Migeon+writes.+"If+his+mutated+allele+is+defective,+a+male+cannot+perform+the+function+encoded+by+that+gene.+Yet+the+same+mutated+allele+is+usually+less+deleterious+to+a+female,+because+she+has+a+normal+functioning+copy+(on+the+other+X+chromosome).+This+is+why+so+many+male-only+diseases+are+attributable+to+defective+genes+on+the+X+chromosome."+Such+diseases+include+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy,+hemophilia+and+Hunter+syndrome,+which+causes+dwarfing,+abnormal+bones+and+mental+retardation+in+males+but+usually+does+not+affect+females+who+carry+the+same+mutated+gene."Miltä+tuntuu+opetella+perusbiologiaa,+öykkäri?+Ja+voisit+edes+yrittää+noudattaa+keskustelun+perussääntöjä;+viestisi+tässä+ketjussa+eivät+edes+liity+aloitukseeni.
  2. Juuri+tuo+bakteerien+kyky+hyödyntää+sitraattia+ravinnokseen+perustuu+OLEMASSAOLEVAAN+informaatioon.+Evoluutiota+ei+tapahtunut+koska+olemassaolevaa+informaatiota+uudelleenjärjestettiin.