Kreationistit supistavat mielellään evoluutioteorian tarvitseman muuntelun yksinkertaisesti satunnaiseksi mutaatioksi, nyt kun heille on osoitettu luonnonvalinnan tehokkuus. He takertuvat Ernst Mayrin kertomaan, että mutaatiot ovat perimmäisiä muuntelun lähteenä. Katsotaanpas pientä epätäydellistä listaa satunnaisista mutaatioista ja muista evoluution käyttämistä variaation lähteistä:
Sources of Heritable Variation (both genotypic and phenotypic) Among Individuals in Populations
Gene Structure (in DNA)
• single point mutations
• deletion and insertion (“frame shift”) mutations
• inversion and translocation mutations
Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
• changes in promoter or terminator sequences (increasing or decreasing binding)
• changes in repressor binding (in prokaryotes); increasing or decreasing binding to operator sites
• changes in repressor binding (in prokaryotes); increasing or decreasing binding to inducers
• changes in repressor binding (in prokaryotes); increasing or decreasing binding to corepressors
Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
• changes in activation factor function in eukaryotes (increasing or decreasing binding to promoters)
• changes in intron length, location, and/or editing by changes in specificity of SNRPs
• changes in interference/antisense RNA regulation (increasing or decreasing binding to sense RNAs)
Gene Interactions
• changes in substrates or products of biochemical pathways
• addition or removal of gene products (especially enzymes) from biochemical pathways
• splitting or combining of biochemical pathways
• addition or alteration of pleiotropic effects, especially in response to changes in other genes/traits
Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
• gene duplication within chromosomes
• gene duplication in multiple chromosomes
• inversions involving one or more genes in one chromosome
• translocations involving one or more genes between two or more chromosomes
• deletion/insertion of one or more genes via transposons
• fusion of two or more chromosomes or chromosome fragments
• fission of one chromosome into two or more fragments
• changes in chromosome number via nondisjunction (aneuploidy)
• changes in chromosome number via autopolyploidy (especially in plants)
• changes in chromosome number via allopolyploidy (especially in plants)
Eukaryotic Chromosome Function
• changes in regulation of multiple genes in a chromosome as a result of the foregoing structural changes
• changes in gene expression as result of DNA methylation
• changes in gene expression as result of changes in DNA-histone binding
Genetic Recombination
• the exchange of non-identical genetic material between two or more individuals (i.e. sex)
• lateral gene transfer via plasmids and episomes (especially in prokaryotes)
• crossing-over (reciprocal and non-reciprocal) between sister chromatids in meiosis
• crossing-over (non-reciprocal) between sister chromatids in mitosis
• Mendelian independent assortment during meiosis
• hybridization
Genome Structure and Function
• genome reorganization and/or reintegration
• partial or complete genome duplication
• partial or complete genome fusion
Development (among multicellular eukaryotes, especially animals)
• changes in tempo and timing of gene regulation, especially in eukaryotes
• changes in homeotic gene regulation in eukaryotes
• genetic imprinting, especially via hormone-mediated DNA methylation
Symbiosis
• partial or complete endosymbiosis
• partial or complete incorporation of unrelated organisms as part of developmental pathways (especially larval forms)
• changes in presence or absence of mutualists, commensals, and/or parasites
Behavior/Neurobiology
• changes in behavioral anatomy, histology, and/or physiology in response to changes in biotic community
• changes in behavioral anatomy, histology, and/or physiology in response to changes in abiotic environment
• learning (including effects of use and disuse)
Physiological Ecology
• changes in anatomy, histology, and/or physiology in response to changes in biotic community
• changes in anatomy, histology, and/or physiology in response to changes in abiotic environment
Kirjoittaja itse arvioi, että näitä muuntelun lähteitä löytyisi satoja, mahdollisesti tuhansia, jos ne kaikki listattaisiin, mutta tästä on hyvä alkaa.
Sources of Heritable Variation (both genotypic and phenotypic) Among Individuals in Populations
Gene Structure (in DNA)
• single point mutations
• deletion and insertion (“frame shift”) mutations
• inversion and translocation mutations
Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
• changes in promoter or terminator sequences (increasing or decreasing binding)
• changes in repressor binding (in prokaryotes); increasing or decreasing binding to operator sites
• changes in repressor binding (in prokaryotes); increasing or decreasing binding to inducers
• changes in repressor binding (in prokaryotes); increasing or decreasing binding to corepressors
Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
• changes in activation factor function in eukaryotes (increasing or decreasing binding to promoters)
• changes in intron length, location, and/or editing by changes in specificity of SNRPs
• changes in interference/antisense RNA regulation (increasing or decreasing binding to sense RNAs)
Gene Interactions
• changes in substrates or products of biochemical pathways
• addition or removal of gene products (especially enzymes) from biochemical pathways
• splitting or combining of biochemical pathways
• addition or alteration of pleiotropic effects, especially in response to changes in other genes/traits
Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
• gene duplication within chromosomes
• gene duplication in multiple chromosomes
• inversions involving one or more genes in one chromosome
• translocations involving one or more genes between two or more chromosomes
• deletion/insertion of one or more genes via transposons
• fusion of two or more chromosomes or chromosome fragments
• fission of one chromosome into two or more fragments
• changes in chromosome number via nondisjunction (aneuploidy)
• changes in chromosome number via autopolyploidy (especially in plants)
• changes in chromosome number via allopolyploidy (especially in plants)
Eukaryotic Chromosome Function
• changes in regulation of multiple genes in a chromosome as a result of the foregoing structural changes
• changes in gene expression as result of DNA methylation
• changes in gene expression as result of changes in DNA-histone binding
Genetic Recombination
• the exchange of non-identical genetic material between two or more individuals (i.e. sex)
• lateral gene transfer via plasmids and episomes (especially in prokaryotes)
• crossing-over (reciprocal and non-reciprocal) between sister chromatids in meiosis
• crossing-over (non-reciprocal) between sister chromatids in mitosis
• Mendelian independent assortment during meiosis
• hybridization
Genome Structure and Function
• genome reorganization and/or reintegration
• partial or complete genome duplication
• partial or complete genome fusion
Development (among multicellular eukaryotes, especially animals)
• changes in tempo and timing of gene regulation, especially in eukaryotes
• changes in homeotic gene regulation in eukaryotes
• genetic imprinting, especially via hormone-mediated DNA methylation
Symbiosis
• partial or complete endosymbiosis
• partial or complete incorporation of unrelated organisms as part of developmental pathways (especially larval forms)
• changes in presence or absence of mutualists, commensals, and/or parasites
Behavior/Neurobiology
• changes in behavioral anatomy, histology, and/or physiology in response to changes in biotic community
• changes in behavioral anatomy, histology, and/or physiology in response to changes in abiotic environment
• learning (including effects of use and disuse)
Physiological Ecology
• changes in anatomy, histology, and/or physiology in response to changes in biotic community
• changes in anatomy, histology, and/or physiology in response to changes in abiotic environment
Kirjoittaja itse arvioi, että näitä muuntelun lähteitä löytyisi satoja, mahdollisesti tuhansia, jos ne kaikki listattaisiin, mutta tästä on hyvä alkaa.
Vastaukset 5
Vanhimmat
http://evolutionlist.blogspot.com/2007/10/rm-ns-creationist-and-id-strawman.html
mitähän uusia elimiä ja rakenne suunnitelmia ja niihin liittyvää kvalitatiivisesti uutta geneettistä materiaalia on saatu kehitettyä :D
että kun evoluutioteoria ennustaa, että muutokset ovat hitaasti kasautuvia ja että elinaikanamme tuskin havaitsemme tuollaisia muutoksia, emmekä välttämättä osaisi edes tunnistaa niitä, niin sinulle pitäisi tarjota uusi rakenne ja elin? Ei se niin käy. Pysytään siinä, mitä evoluutioteoria ennustaa, eikä siinä, mitä sinä väitä sen ennustavan.
Ainoa mitä voimme tarjota, on esim. tällaiset sarjat, joissa hyödylliset mutaatiot kasautuvat evoluutioteorian mukaisesti ja tuottavat uusia ominaisuuksia:
Mutation Enyme activity vs wild type increase of resistance vs wild type
S108N similar 10x
S108N N51I 2x 20x
N51I C59R S108N 2x 100x
N51I C59R S108N I164L 2x 700x
Kaikki tämä tapahtui muutamassa vuodessa ja on oiva esimerkki siitä, miten kasautuvat hyödylliset mutaatiot tuottavat täysin uuden ominaisuuden.
Tuossa alkuperäinen linkki:
http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2007/10/behe-vs-carroll.html#more
Lista oli niin pitkä, että en osaa tarkistaa oliko seuraava mukana:
Development Genes Evolve New Functions:
http://www.hhmi.org/news/hittinger_carroll.html
"The most interesting questions remaining for evolutionary geneticists are whether certain evolutionary paths are favored and what conditions cause them to be favored,” said Hittinger. He noted that their work shows that many small peptide sequences exist whose functions are poorly understood."
tuolla ollut:
• changes in homeotic gene regulation in eukaryotes