"A sample of 526 Y chromosomes representing six Middle Eastern populations...was analyzed for 13 binary polymorphisms and six microsatellite loci. The investigation of the genetic relationship among three Jewish communities revealed that Kurdish and Sephardic Jews were indistinguishable from one another, whereas both differed slightly, yet significantly, from Ashkenazi Jews. The differences among Ashkenazim may be a result of low-level gene flow from European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation. ... In our sample, this low-level gene flow may be reflected in the Eu 19 chromosomes, which are found at elevated frequency (12.7%) in Ashkenazi Jews and which are very frequent in Eastern Europeans (54%-60%) (Semino et al. 2000). Alternatively, it is attractive to hypothesize that Ashkenazim with Eu 19 chromosomes represent descendants of the Khazars, originally a Turkic tribe from Central Asia, who settled in southern Russia and eastern Ukraine and converted en masse to Judaism in the ninth century of the present era, as described by Yehuda Ha-Levi in 1140 A.D. (Dunlop 1954)."
(Nebel et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2001)
* * *
"Ashkenazim are quite distinct from their Mediterranean and Middle-Eastern co-religionists in the incidence of the disease and in the mutations responsible... The genetic family tree of Jews from different parts of Europe shows that they are not a unique group, biologically distinct from other peoples around them. There is, though, evidence of common ancestry that gives Jews at least a partial identity of their own. In most places, there is overlap between the genes of the Jewish population and those of local non-Jews. There has been interchange; sometimes through recent marriage, but more often as a result of mating long ago.... The Y chromosomes of Jews are—unsurprisingly—not all the same; the idea of the sons of Abraham is a symbolic one. They do show that many males, some only distantly related to each other, have contributed to the genes of European Jewry. On the average, most Jewish populations contain more diversity for male lineages than for female (whose history is recorded in mitochondrial DNA). This means that there has been more invasion of the Jewish gene pool by the genes of non-Jewish men than of women. The Y chromosomes of Jewish men from the Balkans are rather unlike those of other European Jews, perhaps because there was more admixture in this unstable part of the world."
(Steve Jones, Flamingo, 1997)
* * *
"Afro-Asiatic and Indo-European samples differentiate along the second axis of the multivariate analysis. The Sephardim Jews, the Ashkenazim Jews, the Turks, and the Lebanese samples are genetically located at the intersection of these two linguistic groups, the Ashkenazim samples being somewhat closer to Indo-Europeans...."
(Poloni et al. Am J Hum Genet, 1997)
* * *
"It is consistent with historical sources that the Libyan Jews should separate from and show strong differentiation from the other populations of our study. This population has a unique history among North African Jewish communities, including an early founding, a harsh bottleneck, possible admixture with local Berbers, limited contact with other Jewish communities, and small size in the recent past...."
(Rosenberg et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2001)
(Nebel et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2001)
* * *
"Ashkenazim are quite distinct from their Mediterranean and Middle-Eastern co-religionists in the incidence of the disease and in the mutations responsible... The genetic family tree of Jews from different parts of Europe shows that they are not a unique group, biologically distinct from other peoples around them. There is, though, evidence of common ancestry that gives Jews at least a partial identity of their own. In most places, there is overlap between the genes of the Jewish population and those of local non-Jews. There has been interchange; sometimes through recent marriage, but more often as a result of mating long ago.... The Y chromosomes of Jews are—unsurprisingly—not all the same; the idea of the sons of Abraham is a symbolic one. They do show that many males, some only distantly related to each other, have contributed to the genes of European Jewry. On the average, most Jewish populations contain more diversity for male lineages than for female (whose history is recorded in mitochondrial DNA). This means that there has been more invasion of the Jewish gene pool by the genes of non-Jewish men than of women. The Y chromosomes of Jewish men from the Balkans are rather unlike those of other European Jews, perhaps because there was more admixture in this unstable part of the world."
(Steve Jones, Flamingo, 1997)
* * *
"Afro-Asiatic and Indo-European samples differentiate along the second axis of the multivariate analysis. The Sephardim Jews, the Ashkenazim Jews, the Turks, and the Lebanese samples are genetically located at the intersection of these two linguistic groups, the Ashkenazim samples being somewhat closer to Indo-Europeans...."
(Poloni et al. Am J Hum Genet, 1997)
* * *
"It is consistent with historical sources that the Libyan Jews should separate from and show strong differentiation from the other populations of our study. This population has a unique history among North African Jewish communities, including an early founding, a harsh bottleneck, possible admixture with local Berbers, limited contact with other Jewish communities, and small size in the recent past...."
(Rosenberg et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2001)
Vastaukset 3
Vanhimmat
sama suomeksi ...
Arvoisa Laborantti. Ehkä olit tarkoittanut nämä tarkoitushakuiset "tutkimusreferaatit" aprillipiloiksi, tai sitten olet kopioinut nämä jostain lukematta itse tutkimuksia kokonaisuudessaan tai tietoisesti irroittanut tutkimustekstistä osia ja saanut kokonaisuuden, josta tutkimuksen ydin ei tule ilmi.
Suurimman osan esittämistäsi tutkimusraporteista olen lukenut, eikä niissä johtopäätöksissä ja tutkimuksen ytimenä ole esittämiäsi asioita. Jotkut asiat on mainittu oletuksina, ilman tutkimuspohjaa, ei varsinaisena tutkimustuoksena. Olen nyt työmatkalla, eikä tutkimukset ole mukanani, mutta muistan niiden oleellisen sisällön.
Esimerkkinä vaan ensimmäinen mainitsemasi Nebelin, Filonin, Brinkmanin, Opperheimin ja kumppanien tutkimus, jossa johtopäätöksissä todetaan,
että jonkinasteista geenien sekoittumista ja eriytymistä on eri puolille diasporan aikana hajaantuneiden ryhmien välillä tapahtunut ja
että vaikka askenasijuutalaisten geenipartikkelit hieman erosivat sefardi- ja kurdijuutalaisten vastaavista, niin tilastollisesti erittäin merkitsevästi kaikkien kolmen juutalaisryhmän välillä oli geneettistä sukulaisuutta. Ero selitettiin askenasijuutalaisten geenien lievällä sekoittumisella eurooppalaisien geeneihin.
Tuo Khasaariosuus on tekstissä - kuten viestissäsi onkin - mielenkiintoisena oletuksena, joka ei perustu tutkimuksen tuloksiin, vaan yhtenä selitysmallina sille miksi tutkimuksessa oli mukana itä-eurooppalaista Eu 19-kromosomivaikutusta askenaseissa.
Tutkimuksessa oli myös vertailua aiempiin tutkimuksiin, joissa todettiin, että geenien osalta juutalaiset ovat lähempänä hedelmällisen puolikuun pohjoisosan kansoja, armenialaisia, kurdeja ja turkkilaisia. Tähän viitattiin myös tuolla khasaaritarinalla.
Oletko Laborantti lukenut referoimasi tutkimukset?
tehdään. Tärkein oppi aikoinana yliopistossa oli oppia lukemaan tutkimuksia oikein ja oppia epäilemään kaikkea. Paitsi omaa vaimoa ei saa epäillä :)