on työllistänyt suuren määrän ei-koulutettuja ihmisiä Etelä-Amerikassa.Macho kulttuuri,perhesiteet,katolisuus,sanakarimyytit ovat tuomassa uuden kulttuurin jopa meille Pohjolaan Suomeen ja erittäin nopean rikastumisen edellytykset
yhdessä väkivaltaisen kulttuurin kasvaessa saavat monet nuoret mukaan tähän
uuteen aaltoon.Ei tarvita koulutuksia vaan huumebisnes,paljon rahaa ja lyhyessä aikaa elättää myös lehdistöä murhineen,ammuskeluineen ja monet julkikset ovat sekaantuneet "huumeparoneihin" ja Ferrarit,raha ja gangstat aseineen keräävät kauniita naisia ja palstatilaa lehdissä.
Evaluating the economic impact of drug traffic in Mexico
Viridiana Rios
Department of Government
Harvard University
Abstract: By analyzing and gathering quantitative data, this paper presents the first formal economic analysis of the impacts of the drug trafficking industry in Mexico. The analysis measures the number of drug-traffic employees, the amount of cash and investments generated by the drug-trafficking industry, the monetary costs of violence and corruption, the estimated losses in foreign investment, and the costs generated by local drug abuse. While the authors acknowledge that in some small and less diversified rural communities, drug-traffic cash flows may be helping to alleviate a grinding stage of poverty and underdevelopment, they conclude that the illegal-drug industry generates economic losses of about 4.3 billion dollars annually. Such a high figure is certainly impeding Mexican economic growth and development. Several policy options are considered.
Introduction
“Sinaloa is and has always been a state where the money comes from drug traffic. Where else can it come from? The fishing and agricultural industries are broken. We cannot even get money from the mineral industry because people do not want to work there anymore. Drug smugglers pay miners ten times more just to take care of drugs (…).What are we going to do if there is no other place to get money?”
Reader of El Debate newspaper (“Será el lavado…” 2007)
It is well known that the drug trade in Mexico represents one of the biggest industries in that country, accounting for as much as $991 million dollars per year. The 2006 drug seizure of over $206 million in cash, the fortune of Zhenli Yen Gon, an ostentatious drug smuggler, was approximately equivalent to the whole budget of the Mexican General Attorney Office for three months (CDHCU 2006) and was the largest seizure of drug money anywhere in the world (Shenon 2007).
That the drug trade generates so much revenue in Mexico raises a set of crucial questions about the rationale and efficiency of that country’s efforts to eliminate the industry. If -as some have estimated (Chabat as cited by Ánderson 2007)- drug trafficking is one of the ten most important industries of the country, a serious analysis should be undertaken before dismembering it. After all, drug dollars are also dollars and drugs also an industry, one that introduces large capital flows into the country, generating employment, fostering consumption and sprinkling resources to other legal industries [for example, the construction industry of many cities are boosted by the exotic housing preferences of drug smugglers (López 2007)]. In other words, is Mexico winning or losing by having such a successful -but illegal- industry as part of its economy?
An analysis of the aggregate costs and benefits of Mexican drug traffic is absent in the literature. Questions that require analysis include: How many dollars flow into the Mexican economy and to what extent do these flows foster economic growth? Who are the winners of this industry? How do the poor and isolated peasants fair? How are violence, corruption and drug abuse affecting the productivity of the Mexican economy? How much is the country losing by being perceived internationally as the home of world famous drug dealers and corrupted politicians?
By analyzing and reviewing the literature about the consequences of drug trafficking in Mexico, this paper tackles the aforementioned questions, contributing to the formal study of a field that has been relatively ignored. This work has two contributions. First, it evaluates the economic costs and benefits of the Mexican drug industry to determine whether or not it is rational to suppress it. While some studies have evaluated the impacts of drug profits in agriculture (Resa Nestares 2001, Marín 2002), the costs of drug abuse (CIDAD 2004), the costs of violence and crime (Londoño and Guerrero 2000), the cost of corruption (WB 2004) and the estimated amount of general illegal-drug cash flows (Reuter 2001, Toro 1995, Loret de Mola 2001, Resa Nestares 2003), none have evaluated the aggregate economic impact of this industry.
yhdessä väkivaltaisen kulttuurin kasvaessa saavat monet nuoret mukaan tähän
uuteen aaltoon.Ei tarvita koulutuksia vaan huumebisnes,paljon rahaa ja lyhyessä aikaa elättää myös lehdistöä murhineen,ammuskeluineen ja monet julkikset ovat sekaantuneet "huumeparoneihin" ja Ferrarit,raha ja gangstat aseineen keräävät kauniita naisia ja palstatilaa lehdissä.
Evaluating the economic impact of drug traffic in Mexico
Viridiana Rios
Department of Government
Harvard University
Abstract: By analyzing and gathering quantitative data, this paper presents the first formal economic analysis of the impacts of the drug trafficking industry in Mexico. The analysis measures the number of drug-traffic employees, the amount of cash and investments generated by the drug-trafficking industry, the monetary costs of violence and corruption, the estimated losses in foreign investment, and the costs generated by local drug abuse. While the authors acknowledge that in some small and less diversified rural communities, drug-traffic cash flows may be helping to alleviate a grinding stage of poverty and underdevelopment, they conclude that the illegal-drug industry generates economic losses of about 4.3 billion dollars annually. Such a high figure is certainly impeding Mexican economic growth and development. Several policy options are considered.
Introduction
“Sinaloa is and has always been a state where the money comes from drug traffic. Where else can it come from? The fishing and agricultural industries are broken. We cannot even get money from the mineral industry because people do not want to work there anymore. Drug smugglers pay miners ten times more just to take care of drugs (…).What are we going to do if there is no other place to get money?”
Reader of El Debate newspaper (“Será el lavado…” 2007)
It is well known that the drug trade in Mexico represents one of the biggest industries in that country, accounting for as much as $991 million dollars per year. The 2006 drug seizure of over $206 million in cash, the fortune of Zhenli Yen Gon, an ostentatious drug smuggler, was approximately equivalent to the whole budget of the Mexican General Attorney Office for three months (CDHCU 2006) and was the largest seizure of drug money anywhere in the world (Shenon 2007).
That the drug trade generates so much revenue in Mexico raises a set of crucial questions about the rationale and efficiency of that country’s efforts to eliminate the industry. If -as some have estimated (Chabat as cited by Ánderson 2007)- drug trafficking is one of the ten most important industries of the country, a serious analysis should be undertaken before dismembering it. After all, drug dollars are also dollars and drugs also an industry, one that introduces large capital flows into the country, generating employment, fostering consumption and sprinkling resources to other legal industries [for example, the construction industry of many cities are boosted by the exotic housing preferences of drug smugglers (López 2007)]. In other words, is Mexico winning or losing by having such a successful -but illegal- industry as part of its economy?
An analysis of the aggregate costs and benefits of Mexican drug traffic is absent in the literature. Questions that require analysis include: How many dollars flow into the Mexican economy and to what extent do these flows foster economic growth? Who are the winners of this industry? How do the poor and isolated peasants fair? How are violence, corruption and drug abuse affecting the productivity of the Mexican economy? How much is the country losing by being perceived internationally as the home of world famous drug dealers and corrupted politicians?
By analyzing and reviewing the literature about the consequences of drug trafficking in Mexico, this paper tackles the aforementioned questions, contributing to the formal study of a field that has been relatively ignored. This work has two contributions. First, it evaluates the economic costs and benefits of the Mexican drug industry to determine whether or not it is rational to suppress it. While some studies have evaluated the impacts of drug profits in agriculture (Resa Nestares 2001, Marín 2002), the costs of drug abuse (CIDAD 2004), the costs of violence and crime (Londoño and Guerrero 2000), the cost of corruption (WB 2004) and the estimated amount of general illegal-drug cash flows (Reuter 2001, Toro 1995, Loret de Mola 2001, Resa Nestares 2003), none have evaluated the aggregate economic impact of this industry.
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