moniko espoossa harrastaa
Recently, the human powered aircraft with a propeller can fly at the power of 200 W. The maximal power of rowing is much more than 200 W. We suppose that by using the locomotive movement of a man, the flight with flapping wing is possible as long as the wing is designed appropriately. We should never give up on human flight similar to that of a bird.----------------------------------------------Man as Locomotive Engine
Kazuho KAWAI, Masashi HARADA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
The mechanical output from rowing and cycling were measured to get available data for design of a human powered ornithopter. The results indicate that the power-duration characteristic curve for rowing and cycling is given by same equation for longer duration time than 40 seconds. The power ratio of rowing and cycling is 0.889 for the long duration time, and 0.589 for duration time of 10 seconds. The effective power for flight is independent of the body mass of the engine pilot.
Introduction
Remarkable success has been achieved concerning the research of characteristics of the cycling power of the man as a rotary engine. Nonweiler1) and Wilkie2) investigated mechanical output of cycling as function of exercise duration. On the other hand, Henderson et.al.3) and di Prampero et.al.4) investigated the characteristic of rowing power for application to a rowing race, but not to human powered aircraft. No data is available for the characteristics of the power of locomotive action which is efficient to get propulsion by wing flapping.
The purpose of this study is to present the measured result of the characteristic of the power of rowing action and to make clear the fact that the rowing action can be used for the human powered ornithopter.
Experiments concerning the mechanical output from rowing and cycling have been done. The measured results are;
a) The relation of mechanical output and duration time of the rowing exercise.
b) The comparison of the mechanical output of rowing and cycling for a nonathlete.
c) The relation of body weight and the mechanical output of rowing.
Characteristics of Power about Rowing and Cycling
We measured the duration time of exercise and the mechanical output of rowing and cycling using one subject. The subject (KK) was a healthy male (30 years) and a nonathlete. A rowing ergometer and a bicycle ergometer were used. During the experiment, the subject exercised and maintained constant power for as long a duration as possible. The pedaling frequency of cycling was 90 r.p.m., but the rowing frequency was not controlled. The results of the relation of duration time (t) and mechanical output (P) are shown in Fig. 1. The solid line in Fig.1 is plotted by the equation proposed by Wilkie5) for t>40 s. The equation is:
Pc=Et-1 A[1-(t0/t){1-exp(-t0/t)}] (1)
t0=10 s
Fig. 1 Power of rowing (œ) and cycling (›) in relation to duration of exercise for subject KK. The solid line has been fitted from Eq. (1), the dotted one from Eq. (2)
The constant values in Eq. 1 for this subject were E=13900 Ws, A=175 W. The solid line in Fig.1 fit well with the results of cycling for t>40 s. The broken line is plotted by the equation:
Pr=0.80Pc=0.80(Et-1 A[1-(t0/t){1-exp(-t/t0)}]) (2)
The broken line agreed with the results of rowing for t>40 s. The reasons why the characteristic curves of power for rowing and cycling are the same are follows;
Di Prampero6) proposed the equation about maximal speed of locomotion (vmax) and duration time (t):
vmax=C-1(EAt-1 MPA[1-(t0/t){1-exp(-t/t0)}] (3)
In this equation EA is the total energy from anaerobic sources (joules), MPA is maximal power from aerobic sources (watts), and C is the energy cost for 1 m distance (joules/meter). This equation yields, on re-arrangement for maximal power (Pmax):
Pmax=h(EAt-1 MPA[1-(t0/t){1-exp(-t/t0)}] (4)
h is the mechanical efficiency of exercise and a function of P.
Seabury et.al.7) found that the efficiency of the bicycle exercise is almost independent of the mechanical output P and its value at 90 r.p.m. is about 0.24. di Prampero et.al4) reported that the efficiency of the rowing exercise is independent of rowing frequency, therefore independent of P, and its value is about 0.23. The independence of mechanical efficiency on mechanical output causes the similarity of equations (1),(2) and (4).
So the characteristic of power of rowing and cycling are expressed by eq. (4) and constant values hr and hc. The power ratio of rowing and cycling i.e. ratio hr/hc for the subject (KK)in this experiment is 0.80.
Efficiency of Rowing
To get the standard value hr/hc another experiment was performed with a rowing ergometer and bicycle ergometer. Subjects were male (19-30 years), and nonathletes. We measured the average power (P(10)) and maximal power (Pmax) during rowing and cycling exercise with maximum effort for 10 s. The torque of the bicycle ergometer was 6KP based on the method of Ikuta et.al.8). The maximal power is defined for one stroke of rowing (including the time to bring the handle back to its original position) or one rotation of pedaling. And we measured the duration time (t(200)) for exercise at a constant power of 200 W for rowing and cycling. The pedaling frequency for cycling was 90 r.p.m.. The measured results are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Power characteristics of test subjects.
The value of t(200)r/t(200)c is not equal to hr/hc. To get the value hr/hc for each subject we need the values E and A in eq. (1) for each subject. The measured power for 10 s (P(10)exp) is not available for the calculation of E and A, because eq. (1) is defined for a longer duration time than 40 s. At this point, we assumed that the relation of the measured power (P(10)exp) and the calculated power (P(10)cal) from eq. (1) are linear. The ratio of P(10)cal/P(10)exp of the subject (KK) was 2.5. The calculated results of E, A, and hr/hc with this ratio P(10)cal/P(10)exp =2.5 are given in Table 1. The average ratio hr/hc is 0.889}0.086. This result leads to the conclusion that a man can row with the power of 90% that which he pedals with, and this value is hopeful for flight using rowing power. Further, it is said that rowing skill seriously affects the rowing power, and the subjects used for the experiments were non-rowers, so we assume that the ratio hr/hc should improve for persons trained in rowing.
On the contrary, the power ratio of rowing and cycling for 10 s maximal effort was P(10)r/P(10)c=0.589}0.042. Rowing for a short time is not so powerful, and this is a weak point about using the rowing movement for first flight of the ornithopter. But note that the instant maximum power of the rowing may be three times of Pmaxr, because the period of the rowing force exerted is 1/3 of the stroke period.
Correlation of Power and Body Weight
We estimated the maximal power of rowing and cycling for 600 s exercise (P(600)), for each subject with the value A, E and hr/hc in Table 1. The results of P(600) and measured P(10) and Pmax are shown in Fig. 2 as a function of body mass of the subjects (WM).
Fig. 2 Relation between body weight and mechanical power of rowing (closed marks), and cycling (open marks) . The power for 10 s (›œ), and for 600 s ( ¡), and the maximal power (¢£). The lines are described from the regression Eqs. (5),(6),(7), and (8).
The regression equations are:
P(600)r=2.302WM 14.61 (r=0.631, p40 s)
P(10)r/P(10)c=0.589}0.042 (t=10 s)
(3) The heavier the subject is, the more powerful the output of rowing or cycling is. However no correlation is found between the body mass and the effective power for flight (P/(WM WAC)1.5).
Recently, the human powered aircraft with a propeller can fly at the power of 200 W. The maximal power of rowing is much more than 200 W. We suppose that by using the locomotive movement of a man, the flight with flapping wing is possible as long as the wing is designed appropriately. We should never give up on human flight similar to that of a bird.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference
1) Nonweiler T.R.F., "The Man-Powered Aircraft," Journal of Royal Aeronautical Society, vol.62, 1958, pp.723-734
2) Wilkie D.R., "Man as an Aero Engine," Journal of Royal Aeronautical Society, vol.64, 1960, pp.477-481
3). Henderson Y and Haggard H.W., "The Maximum of Human Power and Its Fuel," American Journal of Physiology, vol.72, 1925, pp.264-282
4) di Prampero P.E., Cortili G., Celentano F., and Cerretelli P., "Physiological Aspects of Rowing," Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.31, 1971, pp.853-856
5) Wilkie D.R., "Equations Describing Power Input by Humans as a Function of Duration of Exercise." in "Exercise Bioenergetics and Gas Exchange". Ed. P. Cerretelli, B.J. Whipp. Elsevier/North Holland, 1980, pp.75-80
6) di Prampero P.E., "La Locomozione Umana Su Terra, in Acqua, in Aria", Ed. Ermes S.R.L., Milano, 1985
7) Seabury J.J., Adams W.C., and Ramey M.R., "Influence of Pedaling Rate and Power Output on Energy Expenditure during Bicycle Ergometry," Ergonomics, vol.20, 1977, pp.491-498
8) Ikuta K. and Ikai M., "Study on the Development of Maximum Anaerobic Power in Man with Bicycle Ergometer," Research of Physical Education, vol.17, no.3, 1972, pp.151-157
9) Satoh N., Proc. 45th Symposium of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 1990
10) Celentano F., Cortili G., di Prampero P.E., and Cerretelli P., "Mechanical Aspects of Rowing," Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.36, no.6, 1974, pp.642-647
11) U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Bioastronautics Data Book, document SP-3006, 1964
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Recently, the human powered aircraft with a propeller can fly at the power of 200 W. The maximal power of rowing is much more than 200 W. We suppose that by using the locomotive movement of a man, the flight with flapping wing is possible as long as the wing is designed appropriately. We should never give up on human flight similar to that of a bird.----------------------------------------------Man as Locomotive Engine
Kazuho KAWAI, Masashi HARADA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
The mechanical output from rowing and cycling were measured to get available data for design of a human powered ornithopter. The results indicate that the power-duration characteristic curve for rowing and cycling is given by same equation for longer duration time than 40 seconds. The power ratio of rowing and cycling is 0.889 for the long duration time, and 0.589 for duration time of 10 seconds. The effective power for flight is independent of the body mass of the engine pilot.
Introduction
Remarkable success has been achieved concerning the research of characteristics of the cycling power of the man as a rotary engine. Nonweiler1) and Wilkie2) investigated mechanical output of cycling as function of exercise duration. On the other hand, Henderson et.al.3) and di Prampero et.al.4) investigated the characteristic of rowing power for application to a rowing race, but not to human powered aircraft. No data is available for the characteristics of the power of locomotive action which is efficient to get propulsion by wing flapping.
The purpose of this study is to present the measured result of the characteristic of the power of rowing action and to make clear the fact that the rowing action can be used for the human powered ornithopter.
Experiments concerning the mechanical output from rowing and cycling have been done. The measured results are;
a) The relation of mechanical output and duration time of the rowing exercise.
b) The comparison of the mechanical output of rowing and cycling for a nonathlete.
c) The relation of body weight and the mechanical output of rowing.
Characteristics of Power about Rowing and Cycling
We measured the duration time of exercise and the mechanical output of rowing and cycling using one subject. The subject (KK) was a healthy male (30 years) and a nonathlete. A rowing ergometer and a bicycle ergometer were used. During the experiment, the subject exercised and maintained constant power for as long a duration as possible. The pedaling frequency of cycling was 90 r.p.m., but the rowing frequency was not controlled. The results of the relation of duration time (t) and mechanical output (P) are shown in Fig. 1. The solid line in Fig.1 is plotted by the equation proposed by Wilkie5) for t>40 s. The equation is:
Pc=Et-1 A[1-(t0/t){1-exp(-t0/t)}] (1)
t0=10 s
Fig. 1 Power of rowing (œ) and cycling (›) in relation to duration of exercise for subject KK. The solid line has been fitted from Eq. (1), the dotted one from Eq. (2)
The constant values in Eq. 1 for this subject were E=13900 Ws, A=175 W. The solid line in Fig.1 fit well with the results of cycling for t>40 s. The broken line is plotted by the equation:
Pr=0.80Pc=0.80(Et-1 A[1-(t0/t){1-exp(-t/t0)}]) (2)
The broken line agreed with the results of rowing for t>40 s. The reasons why the characteristic curves of power for rowing and cycling are the same are follows;
Di Prampero6) proposed the equation about maximal speed of locomotion (vmax) and duration time (t):
vmax=C-1(EAt-1 MPA[1-(t0/t){1-exp(-t/t0)}] (3)
In this equation EA is the total energy from anaerobic sources (joules), MPA is maximal power from aerobic sources (watts), and C is the energy cost for 1 m distance (joules/meter). This equation yields, on re-arrangement for maximal power (Pmax):
Pmax=h(EAt-1 MPA[1-(t0/t){1-exp(-t/t0)}] (4)
h is the mechanical efficiency of exercise and a function of P.
Seabury et.al.7) found that the efficiency of the bicycle exercise is almost independent of the mechanical output P and its value at 90 r.p.m. is about 0.24. di Prampero et.al4) reported that the efficiency of the rowing exercise is independent of rowing frequency, therefore independent of P, and its value is about 0.23. The independence of mechanical efficiency on mechanical output causes the similarity of equations (1),(2) and (4).
So the characteristic of power of rowing and cycling are expressed by eq. (4) and constant values hr and hc. The power ratio of rowing and cycling i.e. ratio hr/hc for the subject (KK)in this experiment is 0.80.
Efficiency of Rowing
To get the standard value hr/hc another experiment was performed with a rowing ergometer and bicycle ergometer. Subjects were male (19-30 years), and nonathletes. We measured the average power (P(10)) and maximal power (Pmax) during rowing and cycling exercise with maximum effort for 10 s. The torque of the bicycle ergometer was 6KP based on the method of Ikuta et.al.8). The maximal power is defined for one stroke of rowing (including the time to bring the handle back to its original position) or one rotation of pedaling. And we measured the duration time (t(200)) for exercise at a constant power of 200 W for rowing and cycling. The pedaling frequency for cycling was 90 r.p.m.. The measured results are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Power characteristics of test subjects.
The value of t(200)r/t(200)c is not equal to hr/hc. To get the value hr/hc for each subject we need the values E and A in eq. (1) for each subject. The measured power for 10 s (P(10)exp) is not available for the calculation of E and A, because eq. (1) is defined for a longer duration time than 40 s. At this point, we assumed that the relation of the measured power (P(10)exp) and the calculated power (P(10)cal) from eq. (1) are linear. The ratio of P(10)cal/P(10)exp of the subject (KK) was 2.5. The calculated results of E, A, and hr/hc with this ratio P(10)cal/P(10)exp =2.5 are given in Table 1. The average ratio hr/hc is 0.889}0.086. This result leads to the conclusion that a man can row with the power of 90% that which he pedals with, and this value is hopeful for flight using rowing power. Further, it is said that rowing skill seriously affects the rowing power, and the subjects used for the experiments were non-rowers, so we assume that the ratio hr/hc should improve for persons trained in rowing.
On the contrary, the power ratio of rowing and cycling for 10 s maximal effort was P(10)r/P(10)c=0.589}0.042. Rowing for a short time is not so powerful, and this is a weak point about using the rowing movement for first flight of the ornithopter. But note that the instant maximum power of the rowing may be three times of Pmaxr, because the period of the rowing force exerted is 1/3 of the stroke period.
Correlation of Power and Body Weight
We estimated the maximal power of rowing and cycling for 600 s exercise (P(600)), for each subject with the value A, E and hr/hc in Table 1. The results of P(600) and measured P(10) and Pmax are shown in Fig. 2 as a function of body mass of the subjects (WM).
Fig. 2 Relation between body weight and mechanical power of rowing (closed marks), and cycling (open marks) . The power for 10 s (›œ), and for 600 s ( ¡), and the maximal power (¢£). The lines are described from the regression Eqs. (5),(6),(7), and (8).
The regression equations are:
P(600)r=2.302WM 14.61 (r=0.631, p40 s)
P(10)r/P(10)c=0.589}0.042 (t=10 s)
(3) The heavier the subject is, the more powerful the output of rowing or cycling is. However no correlation is found between the body mass and the effective power for flight (P/(WM WAC)1.5).
Recently, the human powered aircraft with a propeller can fly at the power of 200 W. The maximal power of rowing is much more than 200 W. We suppose that by using the locomotive movement of a man, the flight with flapping wing is possible as long as the wing is designed appropriately. We should never give up on human flight similar to that of a bird.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference
1) Nonweiler T.R.F., "The Man-Powered Aircraft," Journal of Royal Aeronautical Society, vol.62, 1958, pp.723-734
2) Wilkie D.R., "Man as an Aero Engine," Journal of Royal Aeronautical Society, vol.64, 1960, pp.477-481
3). Henderson Y and Haggard H.W., "The Maximum of Human Power and Its Fuel," American Journal of Physiology, vol.72, 1925, pp.264-282
4) di Prampero P.E., Cortili G., Celentano F., and Cerretelli P., "Physiological Aspects of Rowing," Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.31, 1971, pp.853-856
5) Wilkie D.R., "Equations Describing Power Input by Humans as a Function of Duration of Exercise." in "Exercise Bioenergetics and Gas Exchange". Ed. P. Cerretelli, B.J. Whipp. Elsevier/North Holland, 1980, pp.75-80
6) di Prampero P.E., "La Locomozione Umana Su Terra, in Acqua, in Aria", Ed. Ermes S.R.L., Milano, 1985
7) Seabury J.J., Adams W.C., and Ramey M.R., "Influence of Pedaling Rate and Power Output on Energy Expenditure during Bicycle Ergometry," Ergonomics, vol.20, 1977, pp.491-498
8) Ikuta K. and Ikai M., "Study on the Development of Maximum Anaerobic Power in Man with Bicycle Ergometer," Research of Physical Education, vol.17, no.3, 1972, pp.151-157
9) Satoh N., Proc. 45th Symposium of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 1990
10) Celentano F., Cortili G., di Prampero P.E., and Cerretelli P., "Mechanical Aspects of Rowing," Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.36, no.6, 1974, pp.642-647
11) U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Bioastronautics Data Book, document SP-3006, 1964
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Vastaukset 2
Vanhimmat
en jaksa lukea tuota koko juttua, mutta sanon kuitenkin lyhyen mutu kommentin, koska satun olemaan innokas pyöräilijä, purjelentäjä ja fyysikko.
Varmaan projektia voi miettiä hieman purjelentokoneen kautta, koska se lienee suhteellisen optimaalinen kone lentää vähällä ulkopuolisella teholla. Tai optimaalisuus riippuu toki paljon mitä haetaan, mutta kuitenkin.
Sinällään ajatus lentokykyisestä polkukoneesta ei tietenkään ole ollenkaan mahdoton, kun kerran lentokoneella kyetään lentämään päivä ilman mitään moottoria. Mutta:
Suhteellisen hyvällä purjekoneella päästään täysin tyynissä olosuhteissa noin 0,5 m vajoamaan sekunnissa. Jos lentäjän ja koneen yhteispaino on noin 300 kg, saadaan seuraava tulos, jos oletetaan 200 w teho (siis häviöiden jälkeen): nousunopeus = P/(mg) = 200/(300*9,81) = 7 cm/s.
Ja tuohon tarvitaan vielä enemmän kuin 200 w polkuteho häviöiden takia. Eli tuolloinkin tämän tyyppinen kone olisi täysin nousevien ilmavirtausten varassa.
Tietenkin ajateltavissa oleva polkukone on toisen tyyppinen, koska purtsikan optimaalista lentonopeutta n. 90 km/h ei polkemalla lähdössä saavuteta (vasta yläilmoissa se voisi olla mnahdollista jos homma tehtäsiin purtsikkaan perustuen)
Vaihtoehtona on siis rakentaa kone, joka pysyy ilmassa sen 10 sek tms. Tällöin optimoidaan kone lentämään huomattavasti hitaamalla vauhdilla kuin purtsikka. Tehdään paljon kevyempi kone ja selvästi paksummalla siipiprofiililla. Vauhtia kerätään aluksi maassa riittävästi yli sakkauspisteen ja vedetään nopeudet korkeudeksi ja liidetään se pari sekunttia. Sopivat tuulet voivat vähän pidentää lentoa.
Mutta tällainen kone ei siis olisi kauhean hyvä hyötysuhteeltaan. Ei ainakaan parempi kuin hyvä purtsikka. Eli ei se kauaa lentäisi.
Lyhyesti sanoen, jos polkukone ei saa mitään alkuvauhtia hinauskesta, alamäestä tai mistään muustakaan, vaan lento lähtee tasaiselta kiitoradalta, ei yksikään polukäyttöinen kone tule kovin montaa sekuntia ilmassa pysymään. Näin ainakin uskon minä.
Suosittelen hankkimaan kirjan
Morton Grosser
Gossamer Odyssey: The Triumph of Human-powered Light
Dover Publications, 1991
ISBN 0-486-26645-1
Kirjassa kerrotaan polkulentokoneesta nimeltä Gossamer Albatross, jolla lennettiin kanaalin yli 12.6.1979. Kone oli huomattavan suurikokoinen (siipien kärkiväli oli noin 30 m), ja se oli myös teknisesti vaativa konstruktio. Eli homma tuskin onnistuisi harrastuspohjalta, edes Espoossa.
Webistä löytyy tietysti myös yhtä sun toista, ks. esim.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossamer_Albatross