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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

KVANTTIMEKANIIKKA ON TIETEIDEN KATTO-TEORIA. KAIKKI LUONNONILMIÖT VOIDAAN PALAUTTAA KVANTTI-MEKAANISIKSI ILMIÖIKSI

Quantum mechanics is a fundamental physical theory that extends, corrects and unifies Newtonian mechanics and Maxwellian electromagnetism, at the atomic and subatomic levels. It is the underlying framework of many fields of physics and chemistry, including condensed matter physics, quantum chemistry, and particle physics.

Most physicists believe that quantum mechanics provides a correct description for the physical world under almost all circumstances.

One recognizes now that the universe is essentially quantum mechanical. So any field theory of real phenomena must be at base a quantum field theory.

KVANTIT OVAT AALTOJA SÄHKÖMAGNEETTISESSA KENTÄSSÄ. NIILLÄ EI OLE MASSALLISTEN KAPPALEIDEN TAPAAN MATERIAN OMINAISUUKSIA. NIILLÄ EI OLE ESIMERKIKSI LEPOMASSAA, EIKÄ SELLAISIA MEKAANISIA OMINAISUUKSIA KUTEN KIMMOISUUS. KVANTIT EIVÄT "TÖRMÄÄ JA KIMPOA" VAAN INTERFEROIVAT. KVANTIT/FOTONIT OVAT TODELLISUUDEN FUNDAMENTAALI RAKENNE-OSA.



In some respects a photon acts as a particle, for instance when registered by the light sensitive device in a camera. In other respects, a photon acts like a wave, as when passing the camera optics. According to the so-called wave-particle duality in quantum physics, it is natural for the photon to display either aspect of its nature, according to the circumstances.

Photons are commonly associated with visible light, but this is actually only a very limited part of the electromagnetic spectrum. All electromagnetic radiation is quantized as photons: that is, the smallest amount of electromagnetic radiation that can exist is one photon, whatever its wavelength, frequency, energy, or momentum. Photons are fundamental particles.

Unlike most particles, photons have no detectable mass.

MASSALLISET KAPPALEET, MATERIA, VOIDAAN HAJOTTAA KVANTEIKSI JA KVANTEISTA VOIDAAN SOPIVISSA OLOSUHTEISSA LUODA MATERIAA



Suuremmat massalliset hiukkaset (kuten protonit) ovat syntyneet pienemmistä massallisista hiukkasista (kuten positroneista ja elektroneista), ja nämä puolestaan ovat syntyneet kvanteista.

Einstein's famous mass-energy relation predicts that sufficiently massive particles can decay into several lighter particles, and sufficiently energetic particles can combine to form massive particles. For example, an electron and a positron can annihilate each other to create photons.



Electrons and positrons can annihilate each other and produce a pair of photons. Conversely, a high-energy photon can be transformed into an electron and a positron by a process called pair production.

Matter creation is the process inverse to particle annihilation. It is the conversion of massless particles into one or more massive particles.

Pair production refers to the creation of an elementary particle and its antiparticle. In nuclear physics, this occurs when a high-energy photon interacts with an atomic nucleus, allowing it to decay into an electron and a positron without violating conservation of momentum.

At higher relative velocities, other particle-antiparticle pairs can also be produced, since there is enough kinetic energy in the relative velocities to provide for the masses of those particles. At much higher relative velocities, there may be enough energy to produce a single neutral Z boson.




MEKANIIKAN DETERMINISTISET LAIN-ALAISUUDET EIVÄT PÄDE SELLAISENAAN MIKROTASOLLA VAAN KVANTTIMEKANIIKASSA ON MUKANA PROBABILISTINEN KOMPONENTTI.



Generally, quantum mechanics does not assign definite values to observables. Instead, it makes predictions about probability distributions; that is, the probability of obtaining each of the possible outcomes from measuring an observable.

The Copenhagen interpretation, due largely to Niels Bohr, was the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics when it was first formulated. According to it, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics predictions cannot be explained in terms of some other deterministic theory, and do not simply reflect our limited knowledge. Quantum mechanics provides probabilistic results because the physical universe is itself probabilistic rather than deterministic.

ON HARHAANJOHTAVAA KUVATA TODELLISUUTTA PIENTEN MASSALLISTEN HIUKKAUSTEN KAOOTTISENA TÖRMÄILYNÄ. TODELLISUUS ON PERUSTEELLISIMMALLA TASOLLA SÄHKÖ-MAGNEETTINEN "KENTTÄ" JOSSA ENERGIA SIIRTYY/VÄLITTYY AALTOLIIKKEEN (KVANTTIEN) VAIKUTUKSESTA.

The Bohm interpretation, formulated by David Bohm, postulates the existence of a non-local, universal wavefunction (Schrödinger equation) which allows distant particles to interact instantaneously. Based on this interpretation, Bohm has speculated that the ultimate nature of physical reality is not a collection of separate objects (as it appears to us), but rather an undivided whole that is in perpetual dynamic flux.